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United States Code (Last Updated: May 24, 2014) |
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Title 26. INTERNAL REVENUE CODE |
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SubTitle A. Income Taxes |
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Chapter 1. NORMAL TAXES AND SURTAXES |
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SubChapter S. Tax Treatment of S Corporations and Their Shareholders |
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Part II. TAX TREATMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS |
§ 1366. Pass-thru of items to shareholders
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(a) Determination of shareholder’s tax liability (1) In general In determining the tax under this chapter of a shareholder for the shareholder’s taxable year in which the taxable year of the S corporation ends (or for the final taxable year of a shareholder who dies, or of a trust or estate which terminates, before the end of the corporation’s taxable year), there shall be taken into account the shareholder’s pro rata share of the corporation’s— (A) items of income (including tax-exempt income), loss, deduction, or credit the separate treatment of which could affect the liability for tax of any shareholder, and (B) nonseparately computed income or loss. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the items referred to in subparagraph (A) shall include amounts described in paragraph (4) or (6) of section 702(a). (2) Nonseparately computed income or loss defined For purposes of this subchapter, the term “nonseparately computed income or loss” means gross income minus the deductions allowed to the corporation under this chapter, determined by excluding all items described in paragraph (1)(A).
(b) Character passed thru The character of any item included in a shareholder’s pro rata share under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall be determined as if such item were realized directly from the source from which realized by the corporation, or incurred in the same manner as incurred by the corporation.
(c) Gross income of a shareholder In any case where it is necessary to determine the gross income of a shareholder for purposes of this title, such gross income shall include the shareholder’s pro rata share of the gross income of the corporation.
(d) Special rules for losses and deductions (1) Cannot exceed shareholder’s basis in stock and debt The aggregate amount of losses and deductions taken into account by a shareholder under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall not exceed the sum of— (A) the adjusted basis of the shareholder’s stock in the S corporation (determined with regard to paragraphs (1) and (2)(A) of section 1367(a) for the taxable year), and (B) the shareholder’s adjusted basis of any indebtedness of the S corporation to the shareholder (determined without regard to any adjustment under paragraph (2) of section 1367(b) for the taxable year). (2) Indefinite carryover of disallowed losses and deductions (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any loss or deduction which is disallowed for any taxable year by reason of paragraph (1) shall be treated as incurred by the corporation in the succeeding taxable year with respect to that shareholder.
(B) Transfers of stock between spouses or incident to divorce In the case of any transfer described in section 1041(a) of stock of an S corporation, any loss or deduction described in subparagraph (A) with respect such stock shall be treated as incurred by the corporation in the succeeding taxable year with respect to the transferee.
(3) Carryover of disallowed losses and deductions to post-termination transition period (A) In general If for the last taxable year of a corporation for which it was an S corporation a loss or deduction was disallowed by reason of paragraph (1), such loss or deduction shall be treated as incurred by the shareholder on the last day of any post-termination transition period.
(B) Cannot exceed shareholder’s basis in stock The aggregate amount of losses and deductions taken into account by a shareholder under subparagraph (A) shall not exceed the adjusted basis of the shareholder’s stock in the corporation (determined at the close of the last day of the post-termination transition period and without regard to this paragraph).
(C) Adjustment in basis of stock The shareholder’s basis in the stock of the corporation shall be reduced by the amount allowed as a deduction by reason of this paragraph.
(D) At-risk limitations To the extent that any increase in adjusted basis described in subparagraph (B) would have increased the shareholder’s amount at risk under section 465 if such increase had occurred on the day preceding the commencement of the post-termination transition period, rules similar to the rules described in subparagraphs (A) through (C) shall apply to any losses disallowed by reason of section 465(a).
(4) Application of limitation on charitable contributions In the case of any charitable contribution of property to which the second sentence of section 1367(a)(2) applies, paragraph (1) shall not apply to the extent of the excess (if any) of— (A) the shareholder’s pro rata share of such contribution, over (B) the shareholder’s pro rata share of the adjusted basis of such property. (e) Treatment of family group If an individual who is a member of the family (within the meaning of section 704(e)(3)) of one or more shareholders of an S corporation renders services for the corporation or furnishes capital to the corporation without receiving reasonable compensation therefor, the Secretary shall make such adjustments in the items taken into account by such individual and such shareholders as may be necessary in order to reflect the value of such services or capital.
(f) Special rules (1) Subsection (a) not to apply to credit allowable under section 34 Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to any credit allowable under section 34 (relating to certain uses of gasoline and special fuels).
(2) Treatment of tax imposed on built-in gains If any tax is imposed under section 1374 for any taxable year on an S corporation, for purposes of subsection (a), the amount so imposed shall be treated as a loss sustained by the S corporation during such taxable year. The character of such loss shall be determined by allocating the loss proportionately among the recognized built-in gains giving rise to such tax.
(3) Reduction in pass-thru for tax imposed on excess net passive income If any tax is imposed under section 1375 for any taxable year on an S corporation, for purposes of subsection (a), each item of passive investment income shall be reduced by an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount of such tax as— (A) the amount of such item, bears to (B) the total passive investment income for the taxable year.
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 110–172 added par. (4).
2004—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 108–357 reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Any loss or deduction which is disallowed for any taxable year by reason of paragraph (1) shall be treated as incurred by the corporation in the succeeding taxable year with respect to that shareholder.”
1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1302(e), inserted “, or of a trust or estate which terminates,” after “who dies” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1309(a)(1), substituted “paragraphs (1) and (2)(A)” for “paragraph (1)”.
Subsec. (d)(3)(D). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1312, added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1307(c)(3)(A), struck out subsec. (g) which provided a cross reference to subchapter D of chapter 63 of this title.
1989—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted “Treatment of tax imposed on built-in gains” for “Reduction in pass-thru for tax imposed on built-in gains” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “If any tax is imposed under section 1374 for any taxable year on an S corporation, for purposes of subsection (a), the amount of each recognized built-in gain (within the meaning of section 1374) for such taxable year shall be reduced by its proportionate share of such tax.”
1988—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted “within the meaning of section 1374” for “as defined in section 1374(d)(2)”.
1986—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, § 632(c)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2), reduction in pass-thru for tax imposed on capital gain, read as follows: “If any tax is imposed under section 1374 for any taxable year on an S corporation, for purposes of subsection (a)—
“(A) the amount of the corporation’s long-term capital gains for the taxable year shall be reduced by the amount of such tax, and
“(B) if the amount of such tax exceeds the amount of such long-term capital gains, the corporation’s gains from sales or exchanges of property described in section 1231 shall be reduced by the amount of such excess.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term ‘long-term capital gain’ shall not include any gain from the sale or exchange of property described in section 1231.”
Pub. L. 99–514, § 701(e)(4)(K), struck out “56 or” before “1374”.
1984—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(26), substituted “section 34” for “section 39” in heading and text.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, § 735(c)(16), substituted “and special fuels” for “, special fuels, and lubricating oil”.
Effective Date Of Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–172 effective as if included in the provisions of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–280, to which such amendment relates, see section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–172, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title II, § 235(b),
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 632(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Amendment by section 701(e)(4)(K) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Amendment by section 474(r)(26) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Amendment by section 735(c)(16) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Highway Revenue Act of 1982, title V of Pub. L. 97–424, to which such amendment relates, see section 736 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 4051 of this title.
Effective Date
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after
Miscellaneous
For applicability of amendment by section 701(e)(4)(K) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on